Method for production of moulded bodies, in particular optical structures and use thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a method for the manufacture a body from a thermoplastic plastic with a three-dimensionally structured surface, wherein the molding is carried out directly from a master made of glass coated with metal oxide, without the deposition of further coatings on the surface of said master. The invention also relates to bodies manufactured with this method from a thermoplastic featuring a three-dimensionally structured surface as well as to planar optical structures likewise manufactured with this method for generating evanescent-field measuring platforms and to the use thereof.  
     The invention furthermore relates to a planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform, comprising a first essentially optical transparent, waveguiding layer (a) with refractive index n 1  and a second essentially optical transparent layer (b) with refractive index n 2 , where n 1 &gt;n 2 , in the case of the embodiment of a planar optical film waveguide, or comprising a metal layer (a′) and a second layer (b), in the case of the embodiment for generating a surface plasmon resonance, wherein the second layer (b) comprises a material from the group comprising cyclo-olefin polymers and cyclo-olefin copolymers.

[0001] The invention described herein comprises a novel process for manufacturing a body from a thermoplastic plastic with a three-dimensionally structured surface, wherein the molding is carried out directly from a master made of glass coated with metal oxide, without the deposition of further coatings on the surface of said master. The method according to the invention thus comprises fewer operational steps than corresponding conventional molding processes, which will lead to decreases in manufacturing costs. Furthermore, as a result of the smaller number of processing steps to be carried out before molding on the corresponding master, the risk of damage to the surface of the master, which is inevitably carried over as defects in the molded bodies, is markedly reduced, which means a substantial advance in the production process.

[0002] A surface free of defects is especially important for the optimization of planar waveguides, especially for applications in bioanalytics, in order to avoid scatter of guided excitation light at scatter centers and/or as a result of high surface roughness. The goal is to achieve the lowest possible surface roughness of a planar waveguide.

[0003] If the in-coupling of excitation light into the waveguide takes place by means of a diffractive relief grating, then an extraordinary uniformity and reproducibility of these structures with dimensions of often only a few nanometers is necessary. In the case of the manufacture of such waveguides from plastic substrates, high requirements are thus placed on corresponding molding processes.

[0004] Such periodic structures like surface relief gratings, in combination with thin metal layers deposited thereon (typically layers of gold or silver with thicknesses of the order of magnitude of about 40 nm-200 nm) on an underlying dielectric layer with a lower refractive index are also suitable for creating the conditions for a surface plasmon resonance which, similar to waveguiding in an optical waveguide, is associated with the formation of an evanescent field (with exponential decay in intensity in the direction of the adjacent media), along the propagation of the surface plasmon (instead of the guided wave). The formation of the evanescent field is explained more precisely below in the example of an optical waveguide. The term waveguiding is understood here to mean that the propagation length of a wave “guided” in a highly refractive layer shall correspond, expressed in the ray model of classical optics, at least to the distance in this layer between two total reflections at the interfaces of this layer to the adjacent low-refractive media or layers, opposite to one other. In a low-loss waveguide, the propagation length may amount to several centimeters (or even kilometers, as in telecommunications); in a waveguide with a large-area modulated grating structure (depending on the depth of the grating) it may also measure some micrometers to a few millimeters, which is comparable with the typical propagation length of surface plasmons (typically of the order of magnitude of 100 μm). Such essentially planar optical structures, such as the optical film waveguides and structures with a thin metal coating on a dielectric substrate of lower refractive index, which are described more closely below and which are suitable for generating an evanescent field, should be commonly described as “planar optical structures for generating evanescent field measuring platforms”.

[0005] The invention also relates to variable embodiments of “planar optical structures for generating evanescent-field measuring platforms”, wherein a layer (b) comprises a material from the group comprising cyclo-olefin polymers and cyclo-olefin copolymers. In particular the invention relates to a planar optical film waveguide, comprising a first essentially optically transparent waveguiding layer (a) with refractive index n₁ and a second essentially optically transparent layer (b) with refractive index n₂, where n₁>n₂, wherein the second layer (b) comprises a material from the group formed by cyclo-olefin polymers and cyclo-olefin copolymers.

[0006] The invention relates also to an analytical system with a planar optical structure according to the invention for generating an evanescent field measurement arrangement as main component, as well as methods for manufacturing said planar optical structures and methods based on the use thereof for detecting one or more analytes in one or more samples.

[0007] To achieve lower limits of detection, numerous measurement arrangements have been developed in the last years, in which detection of the analyte is based on its interaction with the evanescent field, which is associated with light guiding in an optical waveguide, wherein biochemical or biological recognition elements for the specific recognition and binding of the analyte molecules are immobilized on the surface of the waveguide.

[0008] When a light wave is in-coupled into an optical waveguide surrounded by optically rarer media, i.e. media of lower refractive index, the light wave is guided by total reflection at the interfaces of the waveguiding layer. In this arrangement, a fraction of the electromagnetic energy penetrates into the optically rarer media. This portion is termed the evanescent or decaying field. The strength of the evanescent field depends to a very great extent on the thickness of the waveguiding layer itself and on the ratio of the refractive indices of the waveguiding layer and the surrounding media. In the case of thin-film waveguides, i.e. layer thicknesses that are the same as or thinner than the wavelength of the light to be guided, discrete modes of the guided light can be distinguished. Analyte detection methods in an evanescent field have the advantage that the interaction with the analyte is limited to the penetration depth of the evanescent field into the adjacent medium, of the order of magnitude of some hundred nanometers, and interfering signals from the depth of the medium can be largely avoided. The first proposed measurement arrangements of this type were based on highly multi-modal, self-supporting single-layer waveguides, such as fibers or plates of transparent plastic or glass, with thicknesses from some hundred micrometers up to several millimeters.

[0009] Planar thin-film waveguides have been proposed in order to improve sensitivity and at the same time facilitate mass production. A planar thin-film waveguide in the simplest case comprises a three-layer system: carrier material, waveguiding layer, and superstrate (i.e. the sample to be analyzed), wherein the waveguiding layer has the highest refractive index. Additional intermediate layers can further improve the action of the planar waveguide. Essential requirements placed on the properties of the waveguiding layer itself and on the layer in contact therewith in the direction of the substrate or carrier material or on the substrate or the carrier material itself are in this case a maximum possible transparency at the wavelength of the light to be guided, together with a minimum possible intrinsic fluorescence and a minimum possible surface roughness, in order for the light to be guided as free from interference as possible. Suitable substrate materials are therefore, for example, glass or plastics with the corresponding properties, as has been widely described (e.g. in WO 95/33197 and WO 95/33198), glass having proved more advantageous to date with regard to poverty of fluorescence (on excitation in the visible spectrum) and low surface roughness. The reason for the low surface roughness which can be achieved for glass substrates is in particular the possibility of heating these up to high temperatures so that the formation of a roughness-enhancing microcolumn structure can be largely prevented.

[0010] In the case of plastic substrates, the deposition of an intermediate layer between the substrate and the waveguiding layer is often necessary e.g. in order for the contribution of the substrate's intrinsic fluorescence to be reduced for fluorescence measurements.

[0011] An optical waveguide with a substrate of plastic or a high organic portion and with an inorganic waveguiding layer as well as methods for the manufacture of this waveguide are described in EP 533,074. Thermoplastically processable plastics, in particular polycarbonates, polymethylmethacrylates (PMMA) and polyesters, are preferred here.

[0012] Within the group of these plastics, PMMA is known for having the best optical properties, i.e. in particular poverty of fluorescence. A disadvantage of PMMA that has been described, however, is its low temperature stability, which does not permit continuous operating temperatures above 60° C. to 90° C., as required in some cases e.g. for nucleic acid-hybridization assays.

[0013] The less favorable physicochemical, especially optical, properties of known film waveguides comprising plastics as substrate (=essentially optically transparent layer (b)), contrasts with the easier processability of these substances versus glass substrates, especially for producing a structured surface, e.g. through the molding of a suitably structured master. Such molding processes for producing structured plastic surfaces generally cost less than the usual photolithographic surface structuring of glass substrates.

[0014] There is thus a need for optical waveguides, or general optical structures for generating an evanescent field measuring platform, which have similarly favorable optical properties, such as waveguides based on glass substrates, but which can be produced at lower cost.

[0015] Surprisingly it has now been found that, using substrates of cyclo-olefin polymers (COP) or cyclo-olefin copolymers (COC), which are not mentioned in EP 533,074, it is possible to manufacture optical structures for generating evanescent-field measuring platforms and especially film waveguides, which are characterized by especially low intrinsic luminescence or fluorescence, this being of great advantage in particular for fluorescence-based measuring methods, and which also show very low propagation losses of guided light. A new method was also surprisingly found for manufacturing film waveguides according to the invention by means of which these can be molded especially easily and in very good quality from a master.

[0016] Some favorable properties of optical components based on COP, compared with other plastics used in optics, which are listed in a product brochure of Nippon Zeon Co. Ltd., under the heading “Zeonex”, include very low water absorption, high heat resistance, low content of impurities and relatively good chemical resistance.

[0017] In U.S. Pat. No. 6,063,886, various cyclo-olefin copolymers and components manufactured therefrom by injection molding are claimed, especially for optics. However, there are no references to their use for optical waveguides with the associated highly specific requirements. Also no information at all is given to indicate possible molding processes for the generation of three-dimensional structures of COC.

[0018] In U.S. Pat. No. 6,120,870, an optical “disk”, based on COP, and a molding process for manufacturing this (structured) disk from a silicon master are described, wherein a resin layer between the master and the COP disk to be structured is used in each of the specified variants of the molding process, this layer being cured either photochemically, by UV light, or thermally.

[0019] In U.S. Pat. No. 5,910,287, microtiter plates (“multi-well plates”) are described in which COC or COP is used as the material for the floor of the wells in order to reduce the intrinsic fluorescence of such a plate for fluorescence-based tests. Manufacturing processes described include reaction injection molding (RIM) and liquid injection molding (LIM).

[0020] RIM (reaction injection molding) is a low-pressure mixing and injection process in which two or more liquid components are injected into a closed mold, where a plastic body is formed during rapid polymerization. Possible problems of the RIM process that have been described are in particular blister formation in the curing process, poor mold filling and difficult demoldability of the manufactured plastic body (H. Vollmer, W. Ehrfeld, P. Hagmann, “Untersuchungen zur Herstellung von galvanisierbaren Mikrostrukturen mit extremer Strukturhöhe durch Abformung mit Kunststoff im Vakuum-Reaktionsgiessverfahren”, Report 4267 of the KfK, Karlsruhe, Germany, 1987; P. Hagmann, W. Ehrfeld, “Fabrication of Microstructures of extreme Structural Heights by Reaction Injection Molding”, International Polymer Processing IV (1989) 3, pp. 188-195). Even if these problems are largely solved, a disadvantage of the RIM process which remains is the relatively long cycle time of several minutes (T. Bouillon, “Mikromechanik-Bedeutung und Anwendung von Mikrostrukturen aus Kunststoffen, Metallen und Keramik”, study paper at the IKV, RWTH Aachen, cited in A. Rogalla, “Analyse des Spritzgiessens mikrostrukturierter Bauteile aus Thermoplasten”, IKV Berichte aus der Kunststoffverarbeitung, Vol. 76, Verlag Mainz, Wissenschaftsverlag Aachen, Germany, 1998). The LIM process (liquid injection molding) is described as even more time-consuming, with typical cycle times of 5 to 10 minutes.

[0021] In contrast to the molding processes described above, a variotherm injection process (A. Rogalla, “Analyse des Spritzgiessens mikrostrukturierter Bauteile aus Thermoplasten”, IKV Berichte aus der Kunststoffverarbeitung, Vol. 76, Verlag Mainz, Wissenschaftsverlag Aachen, Germany, 1998) is preferred for the process according to the invention in order to mold from a master of glass coated with a metal oxide, as part of a molding tool, and to manufacture a planar optical film waveguide. This purely physical process, based on liquefying at elevated temperature of the plastic initially provided as pellets, enables plastic bodies to be manufactured with even very fine structures in very short cycle times (W. Michaeli, H. Greif, G. Kretzschmar, H. Kaufmann and R. Bertulait, “Technologie des Spritzgiessens”, Carl Hanser Verlag Munich Vienna 1993, p. 69).

[0022] The first subject of the invention is a method for manufacturing a body from a thermoplastic plastic with a three-dimensionally structured surface, wherein the molding is carried out directly from a master made of glass coated with metal oxide, without the deposition of further coatings on the surface of said master.

[0023] This molding method according to the invention offers a number of advantages over the known processes for molding from coated, e.g. galvanized, masters, for example from so-called nickel shims. In particular, the materials to be molded from, according to the invention, i.e. glass coated with metal oxide, are harder and more scratch-resistant, thus allowing a larger number of moldings to be manufactured from one and the same master. Moreover, additional process steps, such as the deposition of an additional coating, are avoided when preparing the master. This not only simplifies the preparation of the master, but also avoids the risk of generating additional defects on the master as a result of the additional processing steps that are otherwise needed.

[0024] It is preferred if the master is a material from the group of materials comprising TiO₂, ZnO, Nb₂O₅, Ta₂O₅, HfO₂, or ZrO₂, particular preference being for TiO₂, Ta₂O₅ or Nb₂O₅.

[0025] The master itself may be manufactured using standard methods for microstructuring, such as photolithograpy, laser ablation, electron beam or ion beam processing.

[0026] Thereby, the process is characterized in that three-dimensional structures measuring 1-1000 nm and 1 μm to 1000 μm are enabled of being molded in a single molding step. In particular, if very small and also relatively large structures are molded at the same time, the requirements regarding the surface quality of the master are of course very high. A higher cost in the manufacture of the master, however, is more than offset by the saving of a second process step for the molded product which would otherwise be needed.

[0027] Furthermore, the method according to the invention allows extended bodies with a three-dimensionally structured surface of more than 1 cm², preferably of more than 10 cm², especially preferably of more than 100 cm², to be molded in a single step. For example, bodies of the size of a standard microtiter plate, with surface structures of nanometer orders of magnitude, can be molded simultaneously.

[0028] Molding based on the method according to the invention may be carried out using all the known processes (such as RIM, LIM etc.) which are compatible with the properties of the master (e.g. in respect of the resistance to high temperatures or pressures). For the manufacture of small product series, hot embossing of plastics is often used. Accordingly, it is preferred if molding is carried out using a method from the group of processes comprising injection molding, reaction injection molding (RIM), liquid injection molding (LIM) and hot embossing etc.

[0029] Molding by means of an injection molding process is especially preferred, and a variotherm injection molding process most particularly preferred.

[0030] It is preferred moreover if the molding material used in the method according to the invention for the production of said body with a three-dimensionally structured surface includes a material from the group comprising polycarbonates, polymethylmethacrylates, cyclo-olefin polymers and cyclo-olefin copolymers, where the group formed by cyclo-olefin polymers and cyclo-olefin copolymers is especially preferred.

[0031] Suitable cyclo-olefins are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,278,238 (B. L. Lee et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 4,874,808 (Minami et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 4,918,133 (Moriya et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 4,935,475 (Kishiinura et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 4,948,856 (Minchak et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,115,052 (Wamura et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,206,306 (Shen), U.S. Pat. No. 5,270,393 (Sagane et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,272,235 (Wakatsuru et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,278,214 (Moriya et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,534,606 (Bennett et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,532,030 (Hirose et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 4,689,380 (Hirose et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 4,689,380 (Nahm et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,899,005 (Lane et al.). Cyclo-olefins (e.g. cyclopentene, cyclohexene and cycloheptene) and polyethylene copolymers thereof are preferred, as are corresponding thermoplastic olefin polymers of amorphous structure (TOPAS line) from Hoechst (Germany). Of these, the plastics TOPAS 8007, 5013, 6013, 6015 and 6017 are especially preferred. Cyclo-olefin polymers sold by the company Nippon Zeon Co., Japan, under the product name ZEONEX (e.g. polymers 480, 480R, E48R and 490K) and ZEONOR (polymers 1020R, 1060R, 1420R, 1600R) are also preferred.

[0032] A subject of the invention is in particular a method for the manufacture of a planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform, wherein said evanescent-field measuring platform comprises a multilayer system, with a metal layer (a′) or an essentially optically transparent, waveguiding layer (a) with refractive index n₁ and at least a second, essentially optically transparent layer (b) with refractive index n₂, where n₁>n₂, and where the second layer (b) comprises a thermoplastic plastic and is molded directly from a master made of glass coated with a metal oxide, as part of a molding tool, without deposition of further coatings on the surface of said master.

[0033] A preferred variant here is a method for the manufacture of a planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform, wherein said evanescent-field measuring platform is a planar optical structure for generating a surface plasmon resonance.

[0034] The metal layer of this optical structure preferably comprises gold or silver. Especially suitable in this case are layer thicknesses between 40 nm and 200 nm, thicknesses between 40 nm and100 nm being especially preferred. It is an advantage if the material of layer (b) or of an optional additional dielectric layer (buffer layer) which is in contact with the metal layer has a low refractive index n<1.5, especially preferably n<1.35.

[0035] In another, especially preferred variant, the manufacturing process according to the invention is a method for the manufacture of a planar optical waveguide, comprising a first essentially optically transparent, waveguiding layer (a) with refractive index n₁ and a second essentially optically transparent layer (b) with refractive index n₂, where n₁>n₂, and where the second layer (b) of said waveguide comprises a thermoplastic plastic and is molded directly from a master made of glass coated with a metal oxide, as part of a molding tool, without deposition of further coatings on the surface of said master.

[0036] The term “planar” is understood to mean here that, apart from surface roughness or structuring for light in-coupling or out-coupling and, where applicable, recesses structured in the surface of the waveguide for the creation of sample compartments, the radius of curvature of the surface of said waveguide both parallel with and perpendicular to the direction of propagation of light in the waveguiding is at least 1 cm, preferably at least 5 cm.

[0037] The term “essentially optically transparent” is understood to mean that a layer thus characterized is a minimum of 95% transparent at least at the wavelength of light delivered from an external light source for its optical path perpendicular to said layer, provided the layer is not reflecting. In the case of partially reflecting layers, “essentially optically transparent” is understood to mean that the sum of transmitted and reflected light and, if applicable, light in-coupled into a layer and guided therein amounts to a minimum of 95% of the delivered light at the point of incidence of the delivered light.

[0038] For the method according to the invention for the manufacture of a planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform and, in particular also for generating a planar optical film waveguide, the same preferences apply as those stipulated above in general for the method for manufacturing a body made of a thermoplastic plastics with a three-dimensionally structured surface.

[0039] The process comprises grating structures (c) or (c′) located on the surface of the master and formed as relief gratings being transferred to the surface of layer (b) during the molding step. This thus means that said grating structures (c) and/or (c′) formed as relief gratings are generated in a surface of layer (b) by molding from a master with surface relief gratings complementary to grating structures (c) and/or (c′), respectively.

[0040] The manufacturing process according to the invention also allows raised areas formed on the surface of the master to be formed in the molding step as recesses in layer (b). Said recesses in layer (b) preferably have a thickness of 20 μm to 500 μm, preferably 50 μm to 300 μm.

[0041] In particular, it is characteristic for the manufacturing process according to the invention that grating structures (c) and/or (c′) as relief gratings with a depth of 3 nm to 100 nm, preferably of 10 nm to 30 nm, and recesses with a depth of 20 μm to 500 μm, preferably of 50 μm to 300 μm, can be molded simultaneously in a single step.

[0042] It is preferred if the material used in the process according to the invention for generating the essentially transparent layer (b) of said planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform includes a material from the group comprising polycarbonates, polymethylmethacrylates, cyclo-olefin polymers and cyclo-olefin copolymers. Especially preferred is a material from the group formed by cyclo-olefin polymers and cyclo-olefin copolymers.

[0043] A further subject of the invention is a body made of a thermoplastic plastic with a three-dimensionally structured surface wherein the molding of said structured surface is carried out directly from a master made of glass coated with metal oxide, without the deposition of further coatings on the surface of said master, in a manufacturing process according to the invention as defined in one of the said embodiments.

[0044] The molded surface of the body may have structures with dimensions of 1 nm-1000 nm or also of 1 μm-1000 μm. In particular, the molded surface may comprise structures with dimensions of 1 nm-1000 nm and of 1 μm to 1000 μm, which are molded in a single step.

[0045] The body according to the invention may have an extended three-dimensionally structured surface of more than 1 cm², preferably of more than 10 cm², especially preferably of more than 100 cm², which is molded in a single step.

[0046] It is preferred if the molding of the body is carried out using a method from the group of processes comprising injection molding, reaction injection molding (RIM), liquid injection molding (LIM) and hot embossing etc. Especially preferred is an injection molding process, most especially a variotherm injection molding process.

[0047] It is further preferred if the molding material used in the process according to the invention, for producing said body with a three-dimensionally structured surface, includes a material from the group comprising polycarbonates, polymethylmethacrylates, cyclo-olefin polymers and cyclo-olefin copolymers. In this case, a material from the group comprising cyclo-olefin polymers and cyclo-olefin copolymers is especially preferred.

[0048] A subject of the invention is also a planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform, wherein said evanescent-field measuring platform comprises a multilayer system, with a metal layer and/or an essentially optically transparent waveguiding layer (a) with refractive index n₁ and at least a second, essentially optically transparent layer (b) with refractive index n₂, where n₁>n₂, and where the second layer (b) comprises a thermoplastic plastic and is molded directly from a master made of glass coated with a metal oxide, as part of a molding tool, without deposition of further coatings on the surface of said master, in a manufacturing method according to the invention as described in one of the said embodiments.

[0049] In a preferred variant of a planar optical structure according to the invention for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform, this is a planar optical structure for generating a surface plasmon resonance. This planar optical structure preferably comprises a metal layer of gold or silver.

[0050] Especially preferred, thereby, are metal layer thicknesses between 40 nm and 200 nm, thicknesses between 40 nm and 100 nm being especially preferred. It is an advantage if a material of layer (b) or of an optional additional dielectric layer (buffer layer) which is in contact with the metal layer has a low refractive index n<1.5, especially preferably n<1.35.

[0051] In another, especially preferred embodiment of a planar optical structure according to the invention for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform, the structure is a planar optical film waveguide, comprising a first essentially optically transparent, waveguiding layer (a) with refractive index n₁ and a second essentially optically transparent layer (b) with refractive index n₂, where n₁>n₂, and where the second layer (b) of said film waveguide comprises a thermoplastic plastic and is molded directly from a master made of glass coated with metal oxide, as part of a molding tool, without deposition of further coatings on the surface of said master, in a manufacturing method according to the invention as described in one of the said embodiments.

[0052] It is characteristic for the planar optical structure according to the invention for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform that grating structures (c) or (c′) located on the surface of the master and formed as relief gratings are transferred to the surface of layer (b) during the molding step. This means in particular that said grating structures (c) and/or (c′) formed as relief gratings are generated in a surface of layer (b) by molding from a master with surface relief gratings complementary to grating structures (c) and/or (c′), respectively.

[0053] A characteristic of a special embodiment of the planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to the invention is that raised areas formed on the surface of the master are molded as recesses in layer (b) during the molding step. Said recesses in layer (b) preferably have a depth of 20 μm to 500 μm, especially preferably 50 μm to 300 μm.

[0054] It is also preferred if the planar optical structure according to the invention for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform has an extended three-dimensionally structured surface of more than 1 cm², preferably of more than 10 cm², especially preferably of more than 100 cm², which is molded in a single molding step.

[0055] The essentially optically transparent layer (b) of a planar optical structure according to the invention for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform may be molded using a method from the group of processes comprising injection molding, reaction injection molding (RIM), liquid injection molding (LIM) and hot embossing etc. Molding is preferably carried out using an injection molding process, especially preferably using a variotherm injection molding process.

[0056] It is an advantage if the material of the second essentially optically transparent layer (b) of the planar optical structure according to the invention for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform, as used in the manufacturing process according to the invention, comprises a material from the group comprising polycarbonates, polymethylmethacrylates, cyclo-olefin polymers and cyclo-olefin copolymers, material from the group comprising cyclo-olefin polymers and cyclo-olefin copolymers being especially preferred.

[0057] Planar optical structures from multilayer systems, for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform, and especially planar optical film waveguides with an essentially optically transparent layer (b) of cyclo-olefin polymers or cyclo-olefin copolymers are not known in the prior art, as stated hereinbefore.

[0058] A further subject of the invention is therefore, regardless also of the manufacturing process, a planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform, wherein said evanescent-field measuring platform comprises a multilayer system, with a metal layer and/or an essentially optically transparent, waveguiding layer (a) with refractive index n₁ and at least a second, essentially optically transparent layer (b) with refractive index n₂, where n₁>n₂, and where the second layer (b) consists of a thermoplastic plastic and comprises a material from the group comprising cyclo-olefin polymers and cyclo-olefin copolymers.

[0059] In a preferred embodiment, said structure is a planar optical structure for generating a surface plasmon resonance: This planar optical structure preferably comprises a metal layer of gold or silver.

[0060] Another preferred embodiment of a planar optical structure according to the invention for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform characterized in that the evanescent-field measuring platform being a planar optical film waveguide, comprising a first essentially optically transparent waveguiding layer (a) with refractive index n₁ and a second essentially optically transparent layer (b) with refractive index n₂, where n₁>n₂, and where the second layer (b) of said film waveguide comprises a material from the group formed by cyclo-olefin polymers and cyclo-olefin copolymers.

[0061] It is further preferred if the refractive index of the first optically transparent layer (a) is greater than 1.8. Numerous materials are suitable for the optical layer (a). Without loss of generality, it is preferred if the first optically transparent layer (a) is a material from the group comprising TiO₂, ZnO, Nb₂O₅, Ta₂O₅, HfO₂, or ZrO₂, special preference being for TiO₂ or Nb₂O₅ or Ta₂O₅.

[0062] Light delivered from an external light source in the direction of layer (a) (or layer (a′), respectively), i.e. both light irradiated through layer (b) in the direction of layer (a) (or the metal layer, respectively) and also light irradiated from the opposite side, if necessary through a medium located above layer (a) (or the metal layer respectively), in the direction of layer (a) (or the metal layer, respectively), shall be called generally according to the present invention an “excitation light”. This excitation light may serve both for excitation of luminescence, or, more specifically, fluorescence or phosphorescence, and also for Raman radiation of molecules adjacent to layer (a) (or to the metal layer, respectively) or also for in-coupling into layer (a), for determination of the actual coupling parameters, such as the in-coupling angle, or for excitation of a surface plasmon in a metal layer, for determination of the resonance angle for the surface plasmon resonance, or also other parameters, such as the phase difference of the light, between a split beam of excitation light passing through a region provided on layer (a) for the detection of one or more analytes and another split beam passing through a referencing region, in an interferometric measurement arrangement.

[0063] It is also preferred if the waveguiding layer (a) of a planar optical film waveguide according to the invention, as a preferred embodiment of a planar optical structure according to the invention for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform, is in optical contact with at least one optical coupling element for the in-coupling of excitation light of one or more wavelengths from one or more light sources into layer (a).

[0064] Several methods are known for coupling excitation light into a planar waveguide. The earliest methods used were based on butt-end coupling or prism coupling, wherein generally a liquid is introduced between the prism and the waveguide to reduce reflections resulting from air gaps. These two methods are mainly suitable in combination with waveguides having relatively large layer thickness—i.e. especially self-supporting waveguides—and a refractive index significantly below 2. By contrast, for the coupling of excitation light into very thin waveguiding layers of high refractive index, the use of coupling gratings is a substantially more elegant method.

[0065] It is preferred if, for the in-coupling of excitation light into the optically transparent layer (a), this layer is in optical contact with one or more optical in-coupling elements from the group comprising prism couplers, evanescent couplers with combined optical waveguides with overlapping evanescent fields, butt-end couplers with focusing lenses, preferably cylinder lenses, arranged in front of one face of the waveguiding layer, and grating couplers.

[0066] It is especially preferred if the excitation light is in-coupled into the optically transparent layer (a) using one or more grating structures (c) which are featured in the optically transparent layer (a).

[0067] The out-coupling of light guided in layer (a) may in principle take place via the same kind of optical coupling elements as those named hereinbefore for in-coupling. It is preferred if light guided in optically transparent layer (a) is out-coupled using grating structures (c′), which are featured in the optically transparent layer (a).

[0068] Grating structures (c) and (c′) featured in the optically transparent layer (a) may have the same or different periods and be arranged parallel or not parallel with each other. In general, grating structures (c) and (c′) can be used alternately as in-coupling and/or out-coupling gratings.

[0069] Apart from the refractive index of the waveguiding optically transparent layer (a), the thickness thereof is the second decisive parameter for generating both the strongest possible evanescent field at the interfaces with the adjacent layers which have a lower refractive index and the highest possible energy density within layer (a). Thereby, the intensity of the evanescent field increases with decreasing thickness of the waveguiding layer (a) as long as the thickness of the layer is sufficient to guide at least one mode of the excitation wavelength. Thereby, the minimum “cut-off” thickness for guiding a mode is dependent on the wavelength of the light to be guided. It is greater for longer wavelength light than for short wavelength light. As the layer thickness approaches the “cut-off” point, however, adverse propagation losses also show a marked increase, which additionally exerts a downward limit on the preferred layer thickness. Preference is for thicknesses of optically transparent layer (a) which allow only 1 to 3 modes of a specified excitation wavelength to be guided, very particular preference being for layer thicknesses which lead to monomodal waveguides for this excitation wavelength. It is clear in this case that the discrete modal character of the guided light only relates to the transversal modes.

[0070] These requirements lead to the product from the thickness of layer (a) and its refractive index advantageously amounting to one-tenth to one whole, preferably one-third to two-thirds, of the wavelength of an excitation light in-coupled into layer (a).

[0071] It is also preferred if the grating structures (c) and/or (c′) are relief gratings with a grating structure depth of 3 to 100 nm, especially preferably of 10 to 30 nm. It is an advantage if the ratio of modulation depth to thickness of the first optically transparent layer (a) is the same as or less than 0.2.

[0072] The level of propagation losses of a mode guided in an optically waveguiding layer (a) is determined to a large extent by the surface roughness of an underlying carrier layer and by absorption through chromophores that may be present in this carrier layer, which in addition carries the risk that luminescence which is unwanted for many applications may be excited in this carrier layer through penetration of the evanescent field of the mode guided in layer (a). Thermal tension may also occur owing to different thermal expansion coefficients of the optically transparent layers (a) and (b). It may therefore be an advantage if an additional optically transparent layer (b′) with a lower refractive index than that of layer (a) and with a thickness of 5 nm-10,000 nm, preferably 10 nm-1000 nm, is located between the optically transparent layers (a) and (b) and is in contact with layer (a). The intermediate layer has the function of reducing surface roughness below layer (a) or reducing penetration of the evanescent field of light guided in layer (a) into the one or more underlying layers, or improving the adhesion of layer (a) on the one or more underlying layers, or reducing thermally induced tension within a film waveguide, or chemically isolating the optically transparent layer (a) from underlying layers by means of sealing micropores in layer (a) against underlying layers.

[0073] The following preferences apply in turn not only for a planar optical film waveguide according to the invention, but also for the more general subject of the invention of a planar optical structure, comprising a multilayer system, for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform.

[0074] Special embodiments of the planar optical structure according to the invention for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform comprise large-area grating structures (c) and/or (c′) that cover extensive surface areas of said optical structure, preferably the entire surface area thereof. The planar optical structure according to the invention for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform may also feature multiple grating structures (c) and/or (c′) on a common, continuous substrate in the essentially optically transparent layer (a) and/or the metal layer.

[0075] For example, for in-coupling of excitation light of different wavelengths, such an embodiment may be advantageous which comprises a superposition of 2 or more grating structures of differing periodicity with the grating lines arranged in parallel or not parallel with one another.

[0076] Characteristic for another preferred embodiment is, that one or more grating structures (c) and/or (c′) which show a three-dimensionally varying periodicity that is essentially perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the excitation light in-coupled into the optically transparent layer (a) or of the surface plasmon resonance generated in the metal layer. Such special embodiments, for example of optical waveguides, are described in WO 92/19976 and in WO 98/09156, where they are also termed “integrated-optical light pointers”. The advantage of this embodiment of a grating coupler is based on the fact that the outer variable of the resonance angle for in-coupling an excitation light delivered to the in-coupling grating from outside is converted into a local variable on the grating-waveguide structure, i.e. into the determination of the position on this structure, on which the resonance condition is met based on the suitable period of the coupling grating.

[0077] For the manufacture of multidiffractive grating structures or of grating structures with three-dimensionally variable periodicity or other complex grating structures in the waveguiding layer (a) (or the metal layer, respectively) in relatively large quantities, principally planar optical structures with plastic substrates (as essentially optically transparent layer (b)) are more suitable than such with glass substrates, because the manufacturing process of such complex grating structures is extremely tedious. It may for example be carried out using multiple exposure by photolithographic means, or by structuring using an electron beam process. Accordingly the manufacture of a master, for example with a glass substrate, is very costly. From such a master, however, it is then possible to mold almost as many copies as one wishes of planar optical structures based on plastic substrates.

[0078] For most applications, it is desirable to in-couple excitation light from the spectrum between near-UV and near-IR, i.e. predominantly from the visible spectrum. For this it is an advantage if the grating structures (c) and if applicable also any additional grating structures (c′) that are present show a period of 200 nm-1000 nm.

[0079] For most applications, it is further desirable if the coupling conditions are very precisely defined over areas as large as possible and change as little as possible. It is therefore preferred for these applications if the resonance angle for in-coupling and out-coupling of a monochromatic excitation light or for excitation of a surface plasmon does not vary by more than 0.1° (as deviation from a mean value) within an area of a grating structure of at least 4 mm² (with the sides arranged in parallel or not parallel with the lines of the grating structure (c)) or over a distance of at least 2 mm in parallel with the lines.

[0080] The grating structures (c) and/or (c′) may be relief gratings with any profile, for example a rectangular, triangular or semicircular profile.

[0081] Preferred embodiments of the planar optical structure according to the invention for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform comprise said grating structures (c) and/or (c′) being formed as a relief grating in the surface of layer (b) facing layer (a) or the metal layer and being transmitted in the manufacturing process of said waveguide at least to the surface (layer interface) of layer (a) or the metal layer facing layer (b). Relief gratings formed in the surface of layer (b) facing the layers to be deposited later, layer (a) or the metal layer, are transmitted to the surfaces of not only one, but of several layers when they are deposited on layer (b).

[0082] For analytical applications, the general preference is for embodiments of a planar optical film waveguide according to the invention which comprise biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements being deposited on the surface of layer (a) or the metal layer, respectively, or on an adhesion-promoting layer additionally deposited on layer (a) or the metal layer for the qualitative and/or quantitative detection of one or more analytes in one or more samples brought into contact with said recognition elements.

[0083] There are numerous methods for depositing the biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements on the optically transparent layer (a) or metal layer. For example, it may take place through physical adsorption or electrostatic interaction. The orientation of the recognition elements is then generally statistical. There is also a risk that, if there is a difference in composition of the sample containing the analyte or the reagents used in the detection method, some of the immobilized recognition elements will be washed away. It may therefore be an advantage if, for the immobilization of biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements (e), an adhesion-promoting layer (f) is deposited on the optically transparent layer (a) or the metal layer. This adhesion-promoting layer should be essentially optically transparent. In particular, the adhesion-promoting layer should not jut out from the waveguiding layer (a) or the metal layer beyond the penetration depth of the evanescent field into the medium above. The adhesion-promoting layer (f) should therefore have a thickness of less than 200 nm, preferably of less than 20 nm. It may comprise, for example, chemical compounds from the group of silanes, functionalized silanes, epoxides, functionalized, charged or polar polymers, thiols, dextrans and “self-assembled passive or functionalized monolayers or multilayers”.

[0084] To enable the simultaneous detection of multiple and generally different analytes, it is preferred if the biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements are immobilized in discrete (spatially separated) measurement areas.

[0085] Within the meaning of the present invention, discrete (spatially separated) measurement areas shall be defined by the area which take up the biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements immobilized there for recognition of one or more analytes in a liquid sample. These areas may be present in any geometric form, for example in the form of points, circles, rectangles, triangles, ellipses or stripes. Thereby, it is possible in this case to generate spatially separated measurement areas by spatially selective deposition of biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements on the optical film waveguide (either directly on the waveguiding layer (a) or the metal layer, respectively, or on an adhesion-promoting layer deposited on layer (a) or the metal layer, respectively). In contact with an analyte or an analog of the analyte that competes with the analyte for binding to the immobilized recognition elements or a further binding partner in a multistep assay, these molecules bind only selectively to the surface of the planar optical structure in the measurement areas, which are defined by the areas which are occupied by the immobilized recognition elements. It is possible that, in a 2-dimensional arrangement, up to 1,000,000 measurement areas may be arranged on a planar optical structure according to the invention for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform, where a single measurement area for example may occupy an area of 0.001 mm²-6 mm². Typically, the density of measurement areas may be more than 10, preferably more than 100, especially preferably more than 1000 measurement areas per square centimeter on the surface of layer (a) or the metal layer, respectively, or on an adhesion-promoting layer additionally deposited on layer (a) or the metal layer, respectively.

[0086] For spatially selective deposition of the biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements, one or more methods may be used from the group of methods comprising “ink jet spotting”, mechanical spotting by means of pin, pen or capillary, “micro contact printing”, fluidic contact of the measurement areas with the biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements through their application in parallel or intersecting microchannels, upon exposure to pressure differences or to electric or electromagnetic potentials, and photochemical or photolithographic immobilization methods.

[0087] For the industrial use of a planar optical structure according to the invention for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform, it is an advantage if established laboratory robots can be used for deposition of the recognition elements and/or the samples. This possibility is given if the dimensions of the optical structure are compatible with the dimensions of industrial standard microtiter plates. Such plates with 96 wells (recesses as sample compartments) spaced at about 9 mm, 384 wells spaced at about 4.5 mm or 1536 wells spaced at about 2.25 mm are commercially available. It is therefore preferred if the outer measurements of the bottom surface of a planar optical structure according to the invention for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform match the footprint of standard microtiter plates of about 8 cm×12 cm (with 96 or 384 or 1536 wells).

[0088] The fact that the substrate (essentially optically transparent layer (b)) of a planar optical structure according to the invention for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform can be structured by molding from a suitable master creates the possibility of also structuring recesses in this substrate at the same time, before the subsequent deposition of the waveguiding layer (a) or the metal layer, with the molding of grating structures (c) or (c′) for generating sample compartments in which, after deposition of the further layers, discrete (spatially separated) measurement areas are then created with the recognition elements immobilized therein. A preferred embodiment of a planar optical structure according to the invention for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform therefore comprises recesses being structured in layer (b) to create sample compartments. These recesses preferably have a depth of 20 μm to 500 μm, especially preferably 50 μm to 300 μm.

[0089] It is also an advantage if the planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform comprises mechanically and/or optically recognizable markings to facilitate their adjustment in an optical system and/or to facilitate the combination of said planar optical structure with a further body for the creation of one or more sample compartments.

[0090] As biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements, components may be applied from the group formed from nucleic acids (for example DNA, RNA, oligonucleotides) and nucleic acid analogs (e.g. PNA) and derivatives thereof with synthetic bases, monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies and antibody fragments, peptides, enzymes, aptamers, synthetic peptide structures, glycopeptides, oligosaccharides, lectins, soluble, membrane-bound proteins and proteins isolated from a membrane such as receptors, ligands thereof, antigens for antibodies (e.g. biotin for streptavidin), “histidine tag components” and complexing partners thereof, and cavities created by chemical synthesis for accommodating molecular imprints, etc.

[0091] The last-named type of recognition elements are understood to mean cavities which are manufactured in a process that has been described in the literature as “molecular imprinting”. To this end, the analyte or an analog of the analyte is encapsulated in a polymer structure, usually in organic solution. This is then described as the “imprint”. The analyte or the analog thereof is then removed again from the polymer structure with the addition of suitable reagents, so that it leaves behind an empty cavity. This empty cavity can then be used as a binding site with high steric selectivity in a later detection method.

[0092] It is also possible that whole cells or cell fragments may be deposited as biochemical or biological recognition elements.

[0093] In many cases, the limit of detection of an analytical method is limited by signals of so-called nonspecific binding, i.e. by signals that are generated by binding of the analyte or other compounds used for detection of the analyte, which are bound, for example through hydrophobic adsorption or electrostatic interactions, not only in the region of the immobilized biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements used, but also in areas on the surface of a planar optical structure that are not covered by these elements. It is therefore an advantage if areas between the discrete measurement areas are “passivated” to minimize nonspecific binding of analytes or their tracer substances, i.e. if compounds “chemically neutral” to the analyte or one of its tracer substances are deposited between the discrete measurement areas. “Chemically neutral” compounds are understood to be those substances which do not themselves show any specific binding sites for recognition and binding of the analyte or an analog thereof or a further binding partner in a multistep assay and which, through their presence, block the access of the analyte or its analog or the further binding partners to the surface of the film waveguide.

[0094] “Chemically neutral” compounds which may be used, for example, are substances from groups comprising albumins, especially bovine serum albumin or human serum albumin, casein, nonspecific, polyclonal or monoclonal, heterologous or for the analyte or analytes to be determined empirically nonspecific antibodies (especially for immunoassays), detergents (such as Tween 20), fragmented natural or synthetic DNA not hybridizing with polynucleotides for analysis, such as a herring or salmon sperm extract (especially for polynucleotide hybridization assays), or also uncharged, but hydrophilic polymers, such as polyethylene glycols or dextrans.

[0095] Especially the selection of said substances for reducing nonspecific hybridization in polynucleotide hybridization assays (such as extracts of herring or salmon sperm) is determined here by the empirical preference for DNA which is “heterologous” for the polynucleotides to be analyzed, about which no interactions with the polynucleotide sequences to be detected are known.

[0096] A further subject of the invention is an analytical system with a planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform, with biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements immobilized on the surface of layer (a) or the metal layer, respectively, or on an adhesion-promoting layer additionally deposited on layer (a) or the metal layer, respectively, for qualitative and/or quantitative detection of one or more analytes in one or more samples brought into contact with said recognition elements, wherein the upper side of said planar optical structure with the measurement areas over the optically transparent layer (a) or the metal layer created thereon is combined with a further body such that between the planar optical structure as baseplate and said body one or more cavities are formed for the creation of one or more sample compartments, fluidically sealed against one other, in each of which are located one or more measurement areas or segments or arrays of measurement areas.

[0097] A one-dimensional or two-dimensional arrangement of measurement areas which together are brought into contact with the same sample shall be described here as an array of measurement areas. Within a sample compartment, there may be one or also more arrays of measurement arrays. An arrangement of two or more measurement areas to which a common function is assigned based on the selection of the recognition elements immobilized therein, for example for referencing or for calibration or for detection of identical analytes, shall be described as a segment of measurement areas. Segments of measurement areas may be parts of an array of measurement areas.

[0098] A preferred embodiment of an analytical system according to the invention comprises the sample compartments being formed as flow cells fluidically sealed against one another with at least one inlet and at least one outlet in each case and optionally at least one outlet of each flow cell in addition leading to a reservoir fluidically connected to this flow cell to receive fluid exiting the flow cell.

[0099] Another possible embodiment comprises the sample compartments being open on that side of the body combined with the planar optical structure as baseplate which lies opposite the measurement areas.

[0100] The arrangement of sample compartments of the analytical system according to the invention may comprise 2-2000, preferably 2-400, especially preferably 2-100 individual sample compartments. Thereby, it is preferred if the pitch (geometrical arrangement in rows and/or columns) of the sample compartments matches the pitch of the wells of a standard microtiter plate. The sample compartments may have the same or different capacities of 0.1 μl-100 μl in each case.

[0101] The analytical system according to the invention preferably also comprises supply facilities for bringing the one or more samples into contact with the immobilized biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements.

[0102] Such embodiments of an analytical system according to the invention preferably comprise in addition at least one excitation light source for delivery of at least one excitation light beam to a planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform, according to one of the aforementioned embodiments, and at least one detector for detecting light emanating from said optical structure.

[0103] Various methods can be distinguished for analyte detection in the evanescent field of guided light waves in optical film waveguides or in the evanescent field of surface plasmons generated in metal films. On the basis of the measurement principle used, for example, a distinction can be drawn between fluorescence or more generally, luminescence methods on the one hand and refractive methods on the other. Methods for generating a surface plasmon resonance in a thin metal layer on a dielectric layer with lower refractive index can be included here in the group of refractive methods, provided the resonance angle of the delivered excitation light for generating the surface plasmon resonance is used as a basis for determining the parameter. The surface plasmon resonance may also be used, however, to intensify a luminescence or to improve the signal-to-background ratio in a luminescence measurement. The conditions for generating a surface plasmon resonance and for combination with luminescence measurements as well as with waveguiding structures are widely described in the literature, for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,478,755, 5,841,143, 5,006,716 and 4,649,280.

[0104] In this application, the term “luminescence” describes the spontaneous emission of photons in the range from ultraviolet to infrared, after optical or nonoptical excitation, such as electrical or chemical or biochemical or thermal excitation. For example, chemiluminescence, bioluminescence, electroluminescence, and especially fluorescence and phosphorescence are included under the term “luminescence”.

[0105] In refractive methods of measurement, the change in the so-called effective refractive index resulting from molecular adsorption or desorption on the waveguide is used for detection of the analyte. This change in the effective refractive index, in the case of grating coupler sensors, is determined for example from the change in the coupling angle for the in-coupling or out-coupling of light into or out of the grating coupler sensor, and in the case of interferometric sensors it is determined from the change in the phase difference between the measuring light guided in a sensor arm and a reference arm of the interferometer. In the case of surface plasmon resonance, for example, the corresponding change in the resonance angle for generating a surface plasmon is measured. Provided the excitation light source used is tunable over a certain spectral range, the changes in the excitation wavelength at which in-coupling into a grating coupler sensor or excitation of a surface plasmon occur can also be measured instead of the change in the coupling or resonance angle, respectively, with a fixed angle of incidence. The refractive methods mentioned have the advantage that they can be employed without the use of additional marker molecules, so-called molecular labels. However, they are generally less sensitive than detection methods which are based on the determination of luminescence excited in the evanescent field of a waveguide.

[0106] In the case of refractive measurement techniques, detection of the measurement light typically takes place at the wavelength of the excitation light. A characteristic of embodiments of the analytical system according to the invention which are particularly suitable for refractive methods of detection is therefore that detection of light at the wavelength of the irradiated excitation light and emanating from the planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform as part of the analytical system is performed. for the known arrangements of grating coupler sensors (see e.g.: K. Tiefenthaler, W. Lukosz, “Sensitivity of grating couplers as integrated-optical chemical sensors”, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B6, 209 (1989); W. Lukosz, Ph. M. Nellen, Ch. Stamm, P. Weiss, “Output Grating Couplers on Planar Waveguides as Integrated, Optical Chemical Sensors”, Sensors and Actuators B1, 585 (1990), and in T. Tamir, S. T. Peng, “Analysis and Design of Grating Couplers”, Appl. Phys. 14, 235-254 (1977)) a locally resolved measurement is not possible, PCT/EP 01/00605 contains the description of a grating-waveguide structure which enables changes in resonance conditions for in-coupling of excitation light into the waveguiding layer (a) of an optical film waveguide via a grating structure (c) modulated in layer (a) or for out-coupling of light guided in layer (a), with arrays of measurement areas generated thereon, each with different immobilized biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements for simultaneous binding and detection of one or more analytes, to be measured in a locally resolved manner, where said excitation light is delivered at the same time to a whole array of measurement areas, and the degree of fulfilment of the resonance condition for in-coupling of light into layer (a) towards said measurement areas is measured at the same time. The planar optical structures on which the present invention is based for generating an evanescent-field measuring arrangement, especially in the embodiment of planar optical film waveguides, are suitable for such imaging refractive methods of measurement. The embodiments of planar film waveguides described in PCT/EP 01/00605, as grating-waveguide structures, as well as the likewise described optical systems, as an integral part of corresponding embodiments of analytical systems according to the invention, as well as the methods based on the use thereof for the detection of one or more analytes, are therefore likewise a subject of the present invention.

[0107] Other embodiments of an analytical system according to the invention are characterized in that the detection of light emanating from said planar optical structure is performed at a wavelength other than that of the incident excitation light. It is preferred if the detection of light emanating from said planar optical structure is performed at the wavelength of a luminescence excited by the excitation light. Thereby, the wavelength of the detected luminescence is generally shifted to wavelengths longer than that of the incident excitation light.

[0108] For the in-coupling of excitation light into the optically transparent layer (a) of a planar optical film waveguide, an analytical system according to the invention may comprise one or more optical in-coupling elements from the group comprising prism couplers, evanescent couplers with combined optical waveguides with overlapping evanescent fields, butt-end couplers with focusing lenses, preferably cylinder lenses, arranged in front of one face of the waveguiding layer, and grating couplers. It is preferred if the excitation light is in-coupled into the optically transparent layer (a) using one or more grating structures (c) featured in the optically transparent layer (a), where the excitation light is delivered to the one or more grating structures featured in layer (a) under an angular range which comprises the resonance angle for in-coupling into layer (a) via the one or more grating structures. Accordingly, to meet the resonance conditions for generating a surface plasmon in the metal layer of a planar optical structure according to the invention, it is preferred if the excitation of the surface plasmon resonance takes place using one or more grating structures (c) featured in the metal layer, where the excitation light is delivered to the one or more grating structures featured in the metal layer under an angular range which comprises the said resonance angle.

[0109] In this case, it is preferable if an incident excitation light in each case is essentially parallel and monochromatic and is delivered to the one or more grating structures featured in layer (a) or (a′) under the resonance angle for in-coupling into layer (a) or for excitation of the surface plasmon in the metal layer.

[0110] The light guided in an essentially optically transparent layer (a) may be out-coupled using grating structures (c′) which are featured in layer (a).

[0111] It is preferred if an analytical system according to the invention comprises in addition at least one positioning element for changing the angle of an incident excitation light between its direction of propagation in the free space, characterized by the corresponding k-vector, prior to impingement on the surface of a planar optical structure, for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform, and the projection thereof into the plane of the surface of said optical structure. An analytical system according to the invention preferably also comprises at least one positioning element for lateral modification of the site of impingement of an incident excitation light on said planar optical structure.

[0112] A special embodiment of an analytical system according to the invention comprises at least one expansion optics with which the excitation light from at least one light source is expanded in one direction, if adequate parallel with the grating lines of a grating structure featured in layer (a) for the in-coupling of excitation light into layer (a) and/or in two spatial directions, if adequate parallel and perpendicular to the grating lines of a grating structure featured in layer (a). It is preferred here if the diameter of an incident excitation light bundle on the planar optical film waveguide at least in one direction in the plane of the surface of said waveguide is at least 2 mm, preferably at least 5 mm. These last-named special embodiments are especially well-suited for example to the realization of an arrangement of an imaging grating coupler, as described in PCT/EP 01/00605 and fully included in this invention.

[0113] It is preferred if an analytical system according to the invention comprises at least one locally resolved detector, which is preferably selected from the group of detectors comprising CCD cameras, CCD chips, photodiode arrays, avalanche diode arrays, multichannel plates and multichannel photomultipliers.

[0114] Preference is also for embodiments of an analytical system according to the invention which comprise the use of optical components from the group comprising lenses or lens systems for forming transmitted light bundles, planar or curved mirrors for deflection and if necessary additionally for forming light bundles, prisms for deflecting and if necessary for spectral division of light bundles, dichroic mirrors for spectrally selective deflection of parts of light bundles, neutral filters for regulation of transmitted light intensity, optical filters or monochromators for spectrally selective transmission of parts of light bundles or polarization-selective elements for the selection of discrete polarization directions of excitation or luminescence light, said components being arranged between the one or more excitation light sources and the planar optical structure according to the invention for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform and/or between said planar optical structure and the one or more detectors.

[0115] It is possible that the excitation light is delivered in pulses with a duration between 1 fsec and 10 minutes and the light emanating from the planar optical structure is measured in a time-resolved manner. In particular, with such an embodiment the binding of one or more analytes to the recognition elements in the various measurement areas can be observed in real time in a locally resolved manner. The respective binding kinetics can be determined from the signals recorded in time-resolved measurements. This allows in particular, for example, a comparison of the affinities of different ligands to an immobilized biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition element. In this context, any binding partner of such an immobilized recognition element shall be described as a “ligand”.

[0116] It is preferred if an analytical system according to the invention comprises arrangements which allow (1) the measurement of essentially isotropically emitted light from a planar optical film waveguide according to the invention and optionally measurement areas located thereon or (2) light back-coupled into the optically transparent layer and outcoupled via grating structures featured in layer (a) or light of both parts (1) and (2).

[0117] A special embodiment of an analytical system according to the invention comprises arrangements which allow the delivery of excitation light and the detection of the light emanating from one or more measurement areas to take place sequentially for single or several measurement areas.

[0118] These arrangements may consist in sequential excitation and detection using movable optical components from the group comprising mirrors, deflecting prisms and dichroic mirrors.

[0119] An integral part of the invention is also a system wherein sequential excitation and detection take place using an essentially angle- and focus-preserving scanner. It is also possible that the planar optical structure is moved between steps of sequential excitation and detection.

[0120] A further subject of the invention is a method for qualitative and/or quantitative detection of one or more analytes in one or more samples, wherein said samples are brought into contact with biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements, which are immobilized directly or indirectly, via an adhesion-promoting layer, on the surface of a planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform, according to the invention and any of the said embodiments, and wherein changes for in-coupling of an incident excitation light in a waveguiding film (a) of a planar optical film waveguide and/or for out-coupling of the light emanating from said film waveguide or for generating a surface plasmon in a metal layer, as a result of the binding of one or more analytes or of one of the binding partners thereof to one or more immobilized recognition elements, are measured.

[0121] It is preferred if the biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements are immobilized in discrete measurement areas.

[0122] It is also preferred if the in-coupling of excitation light into the waveguiding layer (a) or the generation of a surface plasmon in the metal layer takes place using one or more grating structures (c) featured in layer (a) or the metal layer, respectively.

[0123] Certain embodiments of the process according to the invention comprise the detection of one or more analytes being performed on the basis of changes in the effective refractive index, as a result of the binding of said analyte and where applicable of one of its binding partners to biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements immobilized on a grating structure featured in layer (a) or the metal layer, respectively, and on the basis of the resulting changes in the resonance conditions for in-coupling excitation light into layer (a) or for generating a surface plasmon in the metal layer using said grating structure.

[0124] A characteristic of other embodiments of the method is that one or more analytes are detected on the basis of changes in the conditions for out-coupling a light guided in layer (a) via a grating structure (c) or (c′) featured in layer (a), as a result of the binding of said analyte and where applicable of any of its binding partners to biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements immobilized on the grating structure, and of the associated changes in the effective refractive index.

[0125] A further preferred subject of the invention is a method for qualitative and/or quantitative detection of one or more analytes in one or more samples, wherein said samples are brought into contact with biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements immobilized directly or indirectly, via an adhesion-promoting layer, on the surface of a planar optical structure according to the invention for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform in accordance with one of the said embodiments, wherein excitation light from one or more light sources is in-coupled into layer (a) and guided therein, and wherein the luminescence of molecules capable of luminescence, which are bound to the analyte or to one of its binding partners, is excited and measured in the near-field of layer (a).

[0126] The second essentially optically transparent layer (b) here preferably comprises a material from the group formed by cyclo-olefin polymers and cyclo-olefin copolymers.

[0127] This method according to the invention enables (1) the isotropically emitted luminescence or (2) luminescence in-coupled into the optically transparent layer (a) and out-coupled via grating structure (c) or (c′) or luminescences of both (1) and (2) to be measured simultaneously.

[0128] For the generation of luminescence, it is preferred if a luminescence dye or luminescent nanoparticle is used as a luminescence label, which can be excited and emits at a wavelength between 300 nm and 1100 nm.

[0129] The luminescence label may be bound to the analyte or, in a competitive assay, to an analog of the analyte or, in a multistep assay, to one of the binding partners of the immobilized biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements or to the biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements.

[0130] A characteristic of special embodiments of the method according to the invention comprises the use of a second luminescence label or further luminescence labels with excitation wavelengths either the same as or different from that of the first luminescence label and the same or different emission wavelength. Through appropriate selection of the spectral characteristics of the luminescence labels used, such embodiments may be designed such that the second luminescence label or further luminescence labels can be excited at the same wavelength as the first luminescence label, but may emit at a different wavelength.

[0131] For certain applications, for example for measurements independent of one another with different excitation and detection labels, it is an advantage if the excitation spectra and emission spectra of the luminescence dyes show little, if any, overlap.

[0132] Another special embodiment of the method comprises using charge or optical energy transfer from a first luminescence dye serving as donor to a second luminescence dye serving as acceptor for the purpose of detecting the analyte.

[0133] A characteristic of another special embodiment of the method according to the invention comprises determining changes in the effective refractive index on the measurement areas in addition to measuring one or more luminescences.

[0134] It is an advantage if the one or more luminescences and/or determinations of light signals at the excitation wavelength are carried out in a polarization-selective manner. In particular, it is preferred if the one or more luminescences are measured at a polarization different from the one of the excitation light.

[0135] The method according to the invention comprises the samples to be tested being aqueous solutions, in particular buffer solutions or naturally occurring body fluids such as blood, serum, plasma, urine or tissue fluids. A sample to be tested may also be an optically turbid fluid, surface water, a soil or plant extract, or a biological or synthetic process broth. The samples to be tested may also be prepared from biological tissue parts or cells.

[0136] A further subject of the invention is the use of a planar optical structure according to the invention for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to one of the aforementioned embodiments and/or an analytical system according to the invention and/or a method according to the invention for the detection of one or more analytes for quantitative and/or qualitative analyses to determine chemical, biochemical or biological analytes in screening methods in pharmaceutical research, combinatorial chemistry, clinical and pre-clinical development, for real-time binding studies and to determine kinetic parameters in affinity screening and in research, for qualitative and quantitative analyte determinations, especially for DNA and RNA analytics, for the generation of toxicity studies and the determination of gene or protein expression profiles, and for the determination of antibodies, antigens, pathogens or bacteria in pharmaceutical product research and development, human and veterinary diagnostics, agrochemical product research and development, for symptomatic and pre-symptomatic plant diagnostics, for patient stratification in pharmaceutical product development and for therapeutic drug selection, for the determination of pathogens, nocuous agents and germs, especially of salmonella, prions, viruses and bacteria, in food and environmental analytics.

[0137] The invention is illustrated in the following examples of embodiments.

EXAMPLES

[0138] 1. Master:

[0139] The master is obtained from a planar thin-film waveguide (“chip”), comprising a substrate of AF 45 glass, with the dimensions 16 mm×48 mm×0.7 mm, and a coating of tantalum pentoxide (150 nm thick) as waveguiding layer. Parallel with the short side of the “chip”, relief gratings spaced 9 mm apart are formed for in-coupling of the excitation light into the waveguiding layer, these gratings having a period of 320 nm, a depth of 12 nm and a length (in the direction of propagation of the guided light, i.e. parallel with the longitudinal side of the “chip”) of 0.5 mm.

[0140] A piece measuring 12 mm×25 mm is cut out of the “chip” such that 3 gratings are formed thereon with grating lines parallel with the short side of the piece.

[0141] 2. Process for the Manufacture of a Body from a Thermoplastic Plastic/Process for the Manufacture of a Planar Optical Film Waveguide According to the Invention

[0142] Molds of the master described under 1. are manufactured in the following plastics:

[0143] 1. Polycarbonate (PC), 2. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), 3. Cyclo-olefin copolymer (COC), 4. Cyclo-olefin polymer (COP).

[0144] The master is inserted into a molding tool. The molding is carried out according to the variotherm injection molding process (A. Rogalla, “Analyse des Spritzgiessens mikrostrukturierter Bauteile aus Thermoplasten”, IKV Berichte aus der Kunststoffverarbeitung, Band 76, Verlag Mainz, Wissenschaftsverlag Aachen, Germany, 1998):

[0145] The molding tool with the integrated master is closed, producing a cavity therein in the form of a “nest”, and is heated to melting temperature (molding temperature, up to 180° C. for PC, up to 140° C. for PMMA, up to 180° C. for COC and up to 170° C. for COP). The injection unit then travels as far as the nest, which is evacuated at the same time to a residual pressure between 10 mbar and 300 mbar.

[0146] The plastic is then injected at a pressure of 800 bar-1800 bar in the case of PC, 600 bar-1200 bar in the case of PMMA, 500 bar-1500 bar in the case of COC, and 500 bar-1800 bar in the case of COP. After the cavity is filled, the heating is switched off, and the unit starts cooling down to demolding temperature (100° C.-140° C. for PC, 70° C.-100° C. for PMMA, 70° C.-160° C. for COC and 80° C.-140° C. for COP, specific to molding in each case).

[0147] Before the injected plastic phase solidifies, post-molding is performed (600 bar-1200 bar for PC, 400 bar-600 bar for PMMA, 300 bar-500 bar for COC and 500 bar-1500 bar for COP) to counteract material shrinkage on cooling.

[0148] The injection unit then returns, and the cavity (nest) is aerated.

[0149] For preparation of the next injection process, new plastic pellets are fed in and plasticized for the next injection. The injection tool is opened, and the molded plastic structure is ejected.

[0150] The machine is thus ready for starting the next injection cycle. 

1. A method for manufacturing a body from a thermoplastic plastic with a three-dimensionally structured surface, wherein the molding is carried out directly from a master made of glass coated with metal oxide, without the deposition of further coatings on the surface of said master.
 2. A method of manufacture according to claim 1, wherein the master comprises a material from the group of materials comprising TiO₂, ZnO, Nb₂O₅, Ta₂O₅, HfO₂, or ZrO₂, particular preference being for TiO₂, Ta₂O5 or Nb₂O₅.
 3. A method of manufacture according to claim 1, wherein three-dimensional structures measuring 1-1000 nm and 1 μm to 1000 μm are molded in a single molding step.
 4. A method of manufacture according to claim 1, wherein extended bodies with a three-dimensionally structured surface of more than 1 cm², preferably of more than 10 cm², especially preferably of more than 100 cm², are molded in a single step.
 5. A method of manufacture according to claim 1, wherein the molding is carried out using a method from the group of processes comprising injection molding, reaction injection molding (RIM), liquid injection molding (LIM) and hot embossing etc.
 6. A method of manufacture according to claim 1, wherein the molding is carried out using an injection molding process.
 7. A method of manufacture according to claim 6, wherein the molding is carried out using a variotherm injection molding process.
 8. A method of manufacture according to claim 1, wherein the molding material used in said process for producing said body with a three-dimensionally structured surface comprises a material from the group formed by polycarbonates, polymethylmethacrylates, cyclo-olefin polymers and cyclo-olefin copolymers.
 9. A method of manufacture according to claim 8, wherein the molding material for producing said body with a three-dimensionally structured surface comprises a material from the group formed by cyclo-olefin polymers and cyclo-olefin copolymers.
 10. A method for the manufacture of a planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform, wherein said evanescent-field measuring platform comprises a multilayer system, with a metal layer and/or an essentially optically transparent, waveguiding layer (a) with refractive index n₁ and at least a second, essentially optically transparent layer (b) with refractive index n₂, where n₁>n₂, and where the second layer (b) comprises a thermoplastic plastic and is molded directly from a master made of glass coated with a metal oxide, as part of a molding tool, without deposition of further coatings on the surface of said master.
 11. A method for the manufacture of a planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 10, wherein said evanescent-field measuring platform is a planar optical structure for generating a surface plasmon resonance.
 12. A method for the manufacture of a planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 10, wherein said evanescent-field measuring platform is a planar optical film waveguide comprising a first essentially optically transparent waveguiding layer (a) with refractive index n₁ and a second, essentially optically transparent layer (b) with refractive index n₂, where n₁>n₂, and where the second layer (b) of said film waveguide comprises a thermoplastic and is molded directly from a master made of glass coated with a metal oxide, as part of a molding tool, without deposition of further coatings on the surface of said master.
 13. A method of manufacture according to claim 10, wherein the master comprises a material from the group of materials formed by TiO₂, ZnO, Nb₂O₅, Ta₂O₅, HfO₂, or ZrO₂, particular preference being for TiO₂, Ta₂O₅ or Nb₂O₅.
 14. A method of manufacture according to claim 10, wherein grating structures (c) or (c′) formed as relief gratings on the surface of the master are transferred to the surface of layer (b) during the molding step.
 15. A method of manufacture according to claim 14, wherein said grating structures (c) and/or (c′) formed as relief gratings are generated in a surface of layer (b) by molding from a master with surface relief gratings complementary to grating structures (c) and/or (c′), respectively.
 16. A method of manufacture according to claim 10, wherein raised areas formed on the surface of the master are transferred in the molding step as recesses in layer (b).
 17. A method of manufacture according to claim 16, wherein said recesses in layer (b) have a depth of 20 μm to 500 μm, preferably of 50 μm to 300 μm.
 18. A method of manufacture according to claim 10, wherein grating structures (c) and/or (c′) as relief gratings with a depth of 3 nm to 100 nm, preferably of 10 nm to 30 nm, and recesses with a depth of 20 μm to 500 μm, preferably of 50 μm to 300 μm, are molded simultaneously in a single step.
 19. A method of manufacture according to claim 10, wherein the molding is carried out using a method from the group of processes comprising injection molding, reaction injection molding (RIM), liquid injection molding (LIM) and hot embossing etc.
 20. A method of manufacture according to claim 10, wherein the molding is carried out using an injection molding process.
 21. A method of manufacture according to claim 20, wherein the molding is carried out using a variotherm injection molding process.
 22. A method of manufacture according to claim 10, wherein the molding material used in said process for producing said planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform comprises a material from the group comprising polycarbonates, polymethylmethacrylates, cyclo-olefin polymers and cyclo-olefin copolymers.
 23. A method of manufacture according to claim 22, wherein the molding material for creating the essentially transparent layer (b) of said planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform comprises a material from the group formed by cyclo-olefin polymers and cyclo-olefin copolymers.
 24. A body made of a thermoplastic plastic with a three-dimensionally structured surface wherein the molding of said structured surface is carried out directly from a master made of glass coated with metal oxide, without the deposition of further coatings on the surface of said master, in a manufacturing process according to claim
 1. 25. A body made of a thermoplastic plastic according to claim 24, wherein the molded surface thereof comprises structures with dimensions of 1 nm-1000 nm.
 26. A body made of a thermoplastic plastic according to claim 24, wherein the molded surface thereof comprises structures with dimensions of 1 82 m-1000 μm.
 27. A body made of a thermoplastic plastic according to claim 24, wherein the molded surface thereof comprises structures with dimensions of 1-1000 nm and 1 μm to 1000 μm, which are molded in a single step.
 28. A body made of a thermoplastic plastic according to claim 24, comprising an extended three-dimensionally structured surface of more than 1 cm², preferably of more than 10 cm², especially preferably of more than 100 cm², which is molded in a single step.
 29. A body made of a thermoplastic according to claim 24, wherein the molding is carried out using a method from the group of processes comprising injection molding, reaction injection molding (RIM), liquid injection molding (LIM) and hot embossing etc.
 30. A body made of a thermoplastic plastic according to claim 24, wherein the molding is carried out using an injection molding process.
 31. A body made of a thermoplastic plastic according to claim 30, wherein the molding is carried out using a variotherm injection molding process.
 32. A body made of a thermoplastic plastic according to claim 24, wherein the molding material used in said process for producing said body with a three-dimensionally structured surface comprises a material from the group formed by polycarbonates, polymethylmethacrylates, cyclo-olefin polymers and cyclo-olefin copolymers.
 33. A body made of a thermoplastic plastic according to claim 32, wherein the molding material for producing said body with a three-dimensionally structured surface comprises a material from the group formed by cyclo-olefin polymers and cyclo-olefin copolymers.
 34. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform, wherein said evanescent-field measuring platform comprises a multilayer system, with a metal layer and/or an essentially optically transparent waveguiding layer (a) with refractive index n₁ and at least a second, essentially optically transparent layer (b) with refractive index n₂, where n₁>n₂, and where the second layer (b) comprises a thermoplastic plastic and is molded directly from a master made of glass coated with a metal oxide, as part of a molding tool, without deposition of further coatings on the surface of said master, in a manufacturing process according to claim
 10. 35. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 34, wherein said evanescent-field measuring platform is a planar optical structure for generating a surface plasmon resonance.
 36. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 34, wherein said evanescent-field measuring platform is a planar optical film waveguide comprising a first essentially optically transparent waveguiding layer (a) with refractive index n₁ and a second, essentially optically transparent layer (b) with refractive index n₂, where n₁>n₂, and where the second layer (b) of said film waveguide comprises a thermoplastic and is molded directly from a master made of glass coated with a metal oxide, as part of a molding tool, without deposition of further coatings on the surface of said master, in a said manufacturing process.
 37. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 34, wherein grating structures (c) or (c′) formed as relief gratings on the surface of the master are transferred to the surface of layer (b) during the molding step.
 38. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 37, wherein said grating structures (c) and/or (c′) formed as relief gratings are generated in a surface of layer (b) by molding from a master with surface relief gratings complementary to grating structures (c) and/or (c′), respectively.
 39. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 34, wherein raised areas formed on the surface of the master are transferred in the molding step as recesses in layer (b).
 40. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 39, wherein said recesses in layer (b) have a depth of 20 μm to 500 μm, preferably of 50 μm to 300 μm.
 41. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 34, its surface comprising grating structures (c) and/or (c′) as relief gratings with a depth of 3 nm to 100 nm, preferably of 10 nm to 30 nm, and recesses with a depth of 20 μm to 500 μm, preferably of 50 μm to 300 μm, which are molded simultaneously in a single step.
 42. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 34, comprising an extended three-dimensionally structured surface of more than 1 cm², preferably of more than 10 cm², especially preferably of more than 100 cm², which is molded in a single step.
 43. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 34, wherein the molding of the essentially optically transparent layer (b) is carried out using a method from the group of processes comprising injection molding, reaction injection molding (RIM), liquid injection molding (LIM) and hot embossing etc.
 44. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 34, wherein the molding is carried out using an injection molding process.
 45. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 44, wherein the molding is carried out using a variotherm injection molding process.
 46. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 34, wherein the material of the second optically transparent layer (b) used in said manufacturing process comprises a material from the group comprising polycarbonates, polymethylmethacrylates, cyclo-olefin polymers and cyclo-olefin copolymers.
 47. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 46, wherein the material of the second optically transparent layer (b) comprises a material from the group formed by cyclo-olefin polymers and cyclo-olefin copolymers.
 48. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform, wherein said evanescent-field measuring platform comprises a multilayer system, with a metal layer and/or an essentially optically transparent, waveguiding layer (a) with refractive index n₁ and at least a second, essentially optically transparent layer (b) with refractive index n₂, where n₁>n₂, and where the second layer (b) consists of a thermoplastic plastic and a material from the group formed by cyclo-olefin polymers and cyclo-olefin copolymers.
 49. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 48, wherein said evanescent-field measuring platform is a planar optical structure for generating a surface plasmon resonance.
 50. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 48, wherein said evanescent-field measuring platform is a planar optical film waveguide, comprising a first essentially optically transparent waveguiding layer (a) with refractive index n₁ and a second essentially optically transparent layer (b) with refractive index n₂, where n₁>n₂, and where the second layer (b) of said film waveguide comprises a material from the group formed by cyclo-olefin polymers and cyclo-olefin copolymers.
 51. A planar optical film waveguide according to claim 36, wherein the refractive index of the first optically transparent layer (a) is greater than 1.8.
 52. A planar optical film waveguide according to claim 36, wherein the first optically transparent layer (a) comprises TiO₂, ZnO, Nb₂O₅, Ta₂O₅, HfO₂, or ZrO₂, especially preferably TiO₂ and Ta₂O₅.
 53. A planar optical film waveguide according to claim 36, wherein the waveguiding layer (a) is in optical contact with at least one optical coupling element for in-coupling of excitation light of one or more wavelengths, from one or more light sources, into layer (a).
 54. A planar optical film waveguide according to claim 53, wherein, for the in-coupling of excitation light into the optically transparent layer (a), this layer is in optical contact with one or more optical in-coupling elements from the group comprising prism couplers, evanescent couplers with combined optical waveguides with overlapping evanescent fields, butt-end couplers with focusing lenses, preferably cylinder lenses, arranged in front of one face of the waveguiding layer, and grating couplers.
 55. A planar optical film waveguide according to claim 53, wherein the excitation light is in-coupled into the optically transparent layer (a) using one or more grating structures (c) which are featured in the optically transparent layer (a).
 56. A planar optical film waveguide according to claim 36, wherein light guided in the optically transparent layer (a) is out-coupled using grating structures (c′), which are featured in the optically transparent layer (a).
 57. A planar optical film waveguide according to claim 55 wherein grating structures (c) and (c′) featured in the optically transparent layer (a) have the same or different period and are arranged in parallel or not in parallel with one another.
 58. A planar optical film waveguide according to claim 57, wherein grating structures (c) and (c′) may be used alternately as in-coupling and/or out-coupling gratings.
 59. A planar optical film waveguide according to claim 36, wherein a further optically transparent layer (b′) with a lower refractive index than that of layer (a) and with a thickness of 5 nm-10000 nm, preferably 10 nm-1000 nm, is provided between the optically transparent layers (a) and (b) and is in contact with layer (a).
 60. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 37, wherein large-area grating structures (c) and/or (c′) are featured over extensive surface areas of said optical structure, preferably over the entire surface area thereof.
 61. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 37, comprising multiple grating structures (c) and/or (c′) on a common, continuous substrate in the essentially optically transparent layer (a) and/or the metal layer.
 62. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 37, comprising a superposition of 2 or more grating structures of differing periodicity with a parallel or nonparallel arrangement of the grating lines.
 63. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 37, wherein one or more grating structures (c) and/or (c′) show a three-dimensionally varying periodicity that is essentially perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the excitation light in-coupled into the optically transparent layer (a) or of the surface plasmon resonance generated in the metal layer.
 64. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 37, wherein grating structures (c) and, where applicable, additional grating structures (c′) have a period of 200 nm-1000 nm.
 65. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 37, wherein the resonance angle for in-coupling and out-coupling of a monochromatic excitation light or for excitation of a surface plasmon within an area of a grating structure of at least 4 mm² (with the sides arranged in parallel or not parallel with the lines of the grating structure (c)) or over a distance of at least 2 mm in parallel with the lines does not vary by more than 0.1° (as deviation from a mean value).
 66. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 37, wherein grating structures (c) and/or (c′) are relief gratings with any profile, for example with a rectangular, triangular or semicircular profile.
 67. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 37, wherein said grating structures (c) and/or (c′) are formed as relief gratings in the surface of layer (b) facing layer (a) and/or the metal layer and are transferred in the manufacturing process of said waveguide at least to the surface of layer (a) or the metal layer facing layer (b).
 68. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 67, wherein said relief gratings formed in the surface of layer (b) facing layer (a) or the metal layer are transferred in the deposition of further layers on this surface to the surfaces of these further deposited layers.
 69. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 37, wherein biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements are deposited on the surface of layer (a) or the metal layer, or on an adhesion-promoting layer additionally deposited on layer (a) or the metal layer, for the qualitative and/or quantitative detection of one or more analytes in one or more samples brought into contact with said recognition elements.
 70. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 69, wherein said adhesion-promoting layer has a thickness of preferably less than 200 nm, especially preferably less than 20 nm, and the adhesion-promoting layer preferably comprises a chemical compound from the group of silanes, functionalized silanes, epoxides, functionalized, charged or polar polymers, thiols, dextrans and “self-assembled passive or functionalized monolayers or multilayers”.
 71. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 69, wherein the biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements are immobilized in discrete (spatially separated) measurement areas.
 72. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 71, wherein discrete (spatially separated) measurement areas are generated by the laterally selective application of biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements on the surface of layer (a) or the metal layer, respectively or on an adhesion-promoting layer additionally deposited on layer (a) or the metal layer, respectively, preferably using one or more methods from the group of methods comprising ink-jet spotting, mechanical spotting by means of pin, pen or capillary, micro-contact printing, fluidic contact of the measurement areas with the biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements through their application in parallel or intersecting microchannels, upon exposure to pressure differences or to electric or electromagnetic potentials, and photochemical or photolithographic immobilization methods.
 73. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 69, wherein components from the group comprising nucleic acids (for example DNA, RNA, oligonucleotides) and nucleic acid analogs (e.g. PNA) as well as derivatives thereof with synthetic bases, monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies, peptides, enzymes, aptamers, synthetic peptide structures, glycopeptides, oligosaccharides, lectins, soluble, membrane-bound proteins and proteins isolated from a membrane, such as receptors, ligands thereof, antigens for antibodies (e.g. biotin for streptavidin), “histidine-tag components” and complexing partners thereof, cavities generated by chemical synthesis for hosting molecular imprints, etc. are deposited as said biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements, or wherein whole cells or cell fragments are deposited as biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements.
 74. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 69, wherein areas between the laterally separated measurement areas are “passivated” in order to minimize nonspecific binding of analytes or their tracer compounds, i.e. if compounds are deposited between the laterally separated measurement areas which are “chemically neutral” to the analyte or one of its tracer compounds, formed preferably for example from groups comprising albumins, especially bovine serum albumin or human serum albumin, casein, nonspecific polyclonal or monoclonal, heterologous or empirically nonspecific antibodies for the analyte or analytes to be determined (especially for immunoassays), detergents (such as Tween 20{\super®}), fragmented natural or synthetic DNA not hybridizing with polynucleotides to be analyzed, such as extract from herring or salmon sperm (especially for polynucleotide hybridization assays), or also uncharged but hydrophilic polymers, such as polyethylene glycols or dextrans.
 75. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 69, wherein up to 1,000,000 measurement areas are provided in a 2-dimensional arrangement and a single measurement area occupies an area of 0.001 mm²-6 mm².
 76. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 69, wherein multiple measurement areas are arranged in a density of more than 10, preferably more than 100, especially preferably more than 1000 measurement areas per square centimeter on the surface of layer (a) or the metal layer or on an adhesion-promoting layer additionally deposited on layer (a) or the metal layer.
 77. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 36, wherein the outer dimensions of its base area match the footprint of standard microtiter plates of about 8 cm×12 cm (with 96 or 384 or 1536 wells)
 78. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 36, wherein recesses are formed in layer (b) to create sample compartments.
 79. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 78, wherein said recesses have a depth of 20 μm to 500 μm, especially preferably 50 μm to 300 μm.
 80. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 36, comprising mechanically and/or optically identifiable markings to facilitate adjustment in an optical system and/or to facilitate the connection of said planar optical structure to a further body for creating one or more sample compartments.
 81. A method for the qualitative and/or quantitative detection of one or more analytes in one or more samples, wherein said samples are brought into contact with biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements, which are immobilized directly or indirectly via an adhesion-promoting layer on the surface of a planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 34, and changes for in-coupling of incident excitation light in a waveguiding layer (a) of a planar optical film waveguide and/or out-coupling of light emanating from said film waveguide or for generating a surface plasmon in a metal layer, as a result of the binding of one or more analytes or one of the binding partners thereof to one or more immobilized recognition elements, are measured.
 82. A method according to claim 81, wherein the biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements are immobilized in discrete measurement areas.
 83. A method according to claim 81, wherein the in-coupling of excitation light into waveguiding layer (a) or the generation of a surface plasmon in the metal layer is carried out using one or more grating structures (c), which are featured in layer (a) or the metal layer, respectively.
 84. A method according to claim 81, wherein the detection of one or more analytes is carried out on the basis of changes in the effective refractive index, as a result of the binding of said analyte and, where applicable, of one of its binding partners, to biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements, which are immobilized on a grating structure featured in layer (a) or ton e metal layer, and on the basis of the resulting changes in the resonance conditions for in-coupling of excitation light into layer (a) or for generating a surface plasmon in the metal layer using said grating structure.
 85. A method according to claim 81, wherein the detection of one or more analytes is carried out on the basis of changes in the conditions for out-coupling of light guided in layer (a) via a grating structure (c) or (c′) featured in layer (a), as a result of the binding of said analyte and, where applicable, of one of its binding partners to biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements, which are immobilized on the grating structure, and on the basis of the associated changes in the effective refractive index.
 86. A method for the qualitative and/or quantitative detection of one or more analytes in one or more samples, wherein said samples are brought into contact with biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements, which are immobilized directly or indirectly via an adhesion-promoting layer on the surface of a planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 36, wherein excitation light from one or more light sources is in-coupled into layer (a) and guided therein, and wherein the luminescence of molecules, which are capable of luminescence and are bound to the analyte or one of its binding partners, is excited and measured in the near-field of layer (a).
 87. A method according to claim 81, wherein the second essentially optically transparent layer (b) comprises a material from the group formed by cyclo-olefin polymers and cyclo-olefin copolymers.
 88. A method according to claim 86, wherein (1) the isotropically emitted luminescence or (2) luminescence in-coupled into the optically transparent layer (a) and out-coupled via grating structure (c) or (c′) or luminescences of both (1) and (2) are measured simultaneously.
 89. A method according to claim 86, wherein, for the generation of luminescence, a luminescence dye or luminescent nanoparticle is used as a luminescence label, which can be excited and emits at a wavelength between 300 nm and 1100 nm.
 90. A method according to claim 89, wherein the luminescence label is bound to the analyte or, in a competitive assay, to an analog of the analyte or, in a multistep assay, to one of the binding partners of the immobilized biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements or to the biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements.
 91. A method according to claim 89, wherein a second luminescence label or further luminescence labels are used with excitation wavelengths either the same as or different from that of the first luminescence label and the same or different emission wavelength.
 92. A method according to claim 86, wherein changes in the effective refractive index on the measurement areas are determined in addition to the determination of one or more luminescences.
 93. A method according to claim 86, wherein the one or more luminescences and/or determinations of light signals at the excitation wavelength are carried out using a polarization-selective procedure.
 94. A method according to claim 86, wherein the one or more luminescences are measured at a polarization different from that of the excitation light.
 95. A method according to claim 81 for simultaneous or sequential, quantitative or qualitative determination of one or more analytes from the group of antibodies or antigens, receptors or ligands, chelators or “histidine tag components”, oligonucleotides, DNA or RNA strands, DNA or RNA analogs, enzymes, enzyme cofactors or inhibitors, lectins and carbohydrates.
 96. A method according to claim 81, wherein the samples to be tested are naturally occurring body fluids such as blood, serum, plasma, lymph or urine or tissue fluids or egg yolk or an optically turbid fluid or surface water, a soil or plant extract, a biological or synthetic process broth or prepared from biological tissue parts or cells.
 97. Use of a planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 34 for quantitative and or qualitative analyses to determine chemical, biochemical or biological analytes in screening methods in pharmaceutical research, combinatorial chemistry, clinical and pre-clinical development, for real-time binding studies and to determine kinetic parameters in affinity screening and in research, for qualitative and quantitative analyte determinations, especially for DNA and RNA analytics, for the generation of toxicity studies and the determination of gene or protein expression profiles, and for the determination of antibodies, antigens, pathogens or bacteria in pharmaceutical product research and development, human and veterinary diagnostics, agrochemical product research and development, for symptomatic and pre-symptomatic plant diagnostics, for patient stratification in pharmaceutical product development and for therapeutic drug selection, for the determination of pathogens, nocuous agents and germs, especially of salmonella, prions, viruses and bacteria, in food and environmental analytics.
 98. A planar optical film waveguide according to claim 37, wherein the refractive index of the first optically transparent layer (a) is greater than 1.8.
 99. A planar optical film waveguide according to claim 37, wherein the first optically transparent layer (a) comprises TiO₂, ZnO, Nb₂O₅, Ta₂O₅, HfO₂, or ZrO₂, especially preferably TiO₂ and Ta₂O₅.
 100. A planar optical film waveguide according to claim 37, wherein the waveguiding layer (a) is in optical contact with at least one optical coupling element for in-coupling of excitation light of one or more wavelengths, from one or more light sources, into layer (a).
 101. A planar optical film waveguide according to claim 37, wherein light guided in the optically transparent layer (a) is out-coupled using grating structures (c′), which are featured in the optically transparent layer (a).
 102. A planar optical film waveguide according to claim 37, wherein a further optically transparent layer (b′) with a lower refractive index than that of layer (a) and with a thickness of 5 nm-10000 nm, preferably 10 nm-1000 nm, is provided between the optically transparent layers (a) and (b) and is in contact with layer (a).
 103. A planar optical film waveguide according to claim 50, wherein the refractive index of the first optically transparent layer (a) is greater than 1.8.
 104. A planar optical film waveguide according to claim 50, wherein the first optically transparent layer (a) comprises TiO₂, ZnO, Nb₂O₅, Ta₂O₅, HfO₂, or ZrO₂, especially preferably TiO₂ and Ta₂O₅.
 105. A planar optical film waveguide according to claim 50, wherein the waveguiding layer (a) is in optical contact with at least one optical coupling element for in-coupling of excitation light of one or more wavelengths, from one or more light sources, into layer (a).
 106. A planar optical film waveguide according to claim 50, wherein light guided in the optically transparent layer (a) is out-coupled using grating structures (c′), which are featured in the optically transparent layer (a).
 107. A planar optical film waveguide according to claim 50, wherein a further optically transparent layer (b′) with a lower refractive index than that of layer (a) and with a thickness of 5 nm-10000 nm, preferably 10 nm-1000 nm, is provided between the optically transparent layers (a) and (b) and is in contact with layer (a).
 108. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 48, wherein large-area grating structures (c) and/or (c′) are featured over extensive surface areas of said optical structure, preferably over the entire surface area thereof.
 109. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 48, comprising multiple grating structures (c) and/or (c′) on a common, continuous substrate in the essentially optically transparent layer (a) and/or the metal layer.
 110. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 48, comprising a superposition of 2 or more grating structures of differing periodicity with a parallel or nonparallel arrangement of the grating lines.
 111. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 48, wherein one or more grating structures (c) and/or (c′) show a three-dimensionally varying periodicity that is essentially perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the excitation light in-coupled into the optically transparent layer (a) or of the surface plasmon resonance generated in the metal layer.
 112. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 48, wherein grating structures (c) and, where applicable, additional grating structures (c′) have a period of 200 nm-1000 nm.
 113. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 48, wherein the resonance angle for in-coupling and out-coupling of a monochromatic excitation light or for excitation of a surface plasmon within an area of a grating structure of at least 4 mm² (with the sides arranged in parallel or not parallel with the lines of the grating structure (c)) or over a distance of at least 2 mm in parallel with the lines does not vary by more than 0.1° (as deviation from a mean value).
 114. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 48, wherein grating structures (c) and/or (c′) are relief gratings with any profile, for example with a rectangular, triangular or semicircular profile.
 115. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 48, wherein said grating structures (c) and/or (c′) are formed as relief gratings in the surface of layer (b) facing layer (a) and/or the metal layer and are transferred in the manufacturing process of said waveguide at least to the surface of layer (a) or the metal layer facing layer (b).
 116. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 48, wherein biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements are deposited on the surface of layer (a) or the metal layer, or on an adhesion-promoting layer additionally deposited on layer (a) or the metal layer, for the qualitative and/or quantitative detection of one or more analytes in one or more samples brought into contact with said recognition elements.
 117. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 48, wherein the outer dimensions of its base area match the footprint of standard microtiter plates of about 8 cm×12 cm (with 96 or 384 or 1536 wells)
 118. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 48, wherein recesses are formed in layer (b) to create sample compartments.
 119. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 48, comprising mechanically and/or optically identifiable markings to facilitate adjustment in an optical system and/or to facilitate the connection of said planar optical structure to a further body for creating one or more sample compartments.
 120. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 48, wherein the outer dimensions of its base area match the footprint of standard microtiter plates of about 8 cm×12 cm (with 96 or 384 or 1536 wells)
 121. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 37, wherein recesses are formed in layer (b) to create sample compartments.
 122. A planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 37, comprising mechanically and/or optically identifiable markings to facilitate adjustment in an optical system and/or to facilitate the connection of said planar optical structure to a further body for creating one or more sample compartments.
 123. A method for the qualitative and/or quantitative detection of one or more analytes in one or more samples, wherein said samples are brought into contact with biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements, which are immobilized directly or indirectly via an adhesion-promoting layer on the surface of a planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 48, and changes for in-coupling of incident excitation light in a waveguiding layer (a) of a planar optical film waveguide and/or out-coupling of light emanating from said film waveguide or for generating a surface plasmon in a metal layer, as a result of the binding of one or more analytes or one of the binding partners thereof to one or more immobilized recognition elements, are measured.
 124. A method according to claim 123, wherein the biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements are immobilized in discrete measurement areas.
 125. A method according to claim 123, wherein the in-coupling of excitation light into waveguiding layer (a) or the generation of a surface plasmon in the metal layer is carried out using one or more grating structures (c), which are featured in layer (a) or the metal layer, respectively.
 126. A method according to claim 123, wherein the detection of one or more analytes is carried out on the basis of changes in the effective refractive index, as a result of the binding of said analyte and, where applicable, of one of its binding partners, to biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements, which are immobilized on a grating structure featured in layer (a) or ton e metal layer, and on the basis of the resulting changes in the resonance conditions for in-coupling of excitation light into layer (a) or for generating a surface plasmon in the metal layer using said grating structure.
 127. A method according to claim 123, wherein the detection of one or more analytes is carried out on the basis of changes in the conditions for out-coupling of light guided in layer (a) via a grating structure (c) or (c′) featured in layer (a), as a result of the binding of said analyte and, where applicable, of one of its binding partners to biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements, which are immobilized on the grating structure, and on the basis of the associated changes in the effective refractive index.
 128. A method according to claim 123, wherein the second essentially optically transparent layer (b) comprises a material from the group formed by cyclo-olefin polymers and cyclo-olefin copolymers.
 129. A method according to claim 123 for simultaneous or sequential, quantitative or qualitative determination of one or more analytes from the group of antibodies or antigens, receptors or ligands, chelators or “histidine tag components”, oligonucleotides, DNA or RNA strands, DNA or RNA analogs, enzymes, enzyme cofactors or inhibitors, lectins and carbohydrates.
 130. A method according to claim 123, wherein the samples to be tested are naturally occurring body fluids such as blood, serum, plasma, lymph or urine or tissue fluids or egg yolk or an optically turbid fluid or surface water, a soil or plant extract, a biological or synthetic process broth or prepared from biological tissue parts or cells.
 131. A method according to claim 86, wherein the second essentially optically transparent layer (b) comprises a material from the group formed by cyclo-olefin polymers and cyclo-olefin copolymers.
 132. A method according to claim 86, wherein (1) the isotropically emitted luminescence or (2) luminescence in-coupled into the optically transparent layer (a) and out-coupled via grating structure (c) or (c′) or luminescences of both (1) and (2) are measured simultaneously.
 133. A method according to claim 86, wherein, for the generation of luminescence, a luminescence dye or luminescent nanoparticle is used as a luminescence label, which can be excited and emits at a wavelength between 300 nm and 1100 nm.
 134. A method according to claim 86, wherein changes in the effective refractive index on the measurement areas are determined in addition to the determination of one or more luminescences.
 135. A method according to claim 86, wherein the one or more luminescences and/or determinations of light signals at the excitation wavelength are carried out using a polarization-selective procedure.
 136. A method according to claim 86, wherein the one or more luminescences are measured at a polarization different from that of the excitation light.
 137. A method according to claim 86 for simultaneous or sequential, quantitative or qualitative determination of one or more analytes from the group of antibodies or antigens, receptors or ligands, chelators or “histidine tag components”, oligonucleotides, DNA or RNA strands, DNA or RNA analogs, enzymes, enzyme cofactors or inhibitors, lectins and carbohydrates.
 138. A method according to claim 86, wherein the samples to be tested are naturally occurring body fluids such as blood, serum, plasma, lymph or urine or tissue fluids or egg yolk or an optically turbid fluid or surface water, a soil or plant extract, a biological or synthetic process broth or prepared from biological tissue parts or cells.
 139. A method for the qualitative and/or quantitative detection of one or more analytes in one or more samples, wherein said samples are brought into contact with biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements, which are immobilized directly or indirectly via an adhesion-promoting layer on the surface of a planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 37, wherein excitation light from one or more light sources is in-coupled into layer (a) and guided therein, and wherein the luminescence of molecules, which are capable of luminescence and are bound to the analyte or one of its binding partners, is excited and measured in the near-field of layer (a).
 140. A method according to claim 139, wherein the second essentially optically transparent layer (b) comprises a material from the group formed by cyclo-olefin polymers and cyclo-olefin copolymers.
 141. A method according to claim 139, wherein (1) the isotropically emitted luminescence or (2) luminescence in-coupled into the optically transparent layer (a) and out-coupled via grating structure (c) or (c′) or luminescences of both (1) and (2) are measured simultaneously.
 142. A method according to claim 139, wherein, for the generation of luminescence, a luminescence dye or luminescent nanoparticle is used as a luminescence label, which can be excited and emits at a wavelength between 300 nm and 1100 nm.
 143. A method according to claim 139, wherein changes in the effective refractive index on the measurement areas are determined in addition to the determination of one or more luminescences.
 144. A method according to claim 139, wherein the one or more luminescences and/or determinations of light signals at the excitation wavelength are carried out using a polarization-selective procedure.
 145. A method according to claim 139, wherein the one or more luminescences are measured at a polarization different from that of the excitation light.
 146. A method according to claim 139 for simultaneous or sequential, quantitative or qualitative determination of one or more analytes from the group of antibodies or antigens, receptors or ligands, chelators or “histidine tag components”, oligonucleotides, DNA or RNA strands, DNA or RNA analogs, enzymes, enzyme cofactors or inhibitors, lectins and carbohydrates.
 147. A method according to claim 139, wherein the samples to be tested are naturally occurring body fluids such as blood, serum, plasma, lymph or urine or tissue fluids or egg yolk or an optically turbid fluid or surface water, a soil or plant extract, a biological or synthetic process broth or prepared from biological tissue parts or cells.
 148. A method for the qualitative and/or quantitative detection of one or more analytes in one or more samples, wherein said samples are brought into contact with biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements, which are immobilized directly or indirectly via an adhesion-promoting layer on the surface of a planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 50, wherein excitation light from one or more light sources is in-coupled into layer (a) and guided therein, and wherein the luminescence of molecules, which are capable of luminescence and are bound to the analyte or one of its binding partners, is excited and measured in the near-field of layer (a).
 149. A method according to claim 148, wherein the second essentially optically transparent layer (b) comprises a material from the group formed by cyclo-olefin polymers and cyclo-olefin copolymers.
 150. A method according to claim 148, wherein (1) the isotropically emitted luminescence or (2) luminescence in-coupled into the optically transparent layer (a) and out-coupled via grating structure (c) or (c′) or luminescences of both (1) and (2) are measured simultaneously.
 151. A method according to claim 148, wherein, for the generation of luminescence, a luminescence dye or luminescent nanoparticle is used as a luminescence label, which can be excited and emits at a wavelength between 300 nm and 1100 nm.
 152. A method according to claim 148, wherein changes in the effective refractive index on the measurement areas are determined in addition to the determination of one or more luminescences.
 153. A method according to claim 148, wherein the one or more luminescences and/or determinations of light signals at the excitation wavelength are carried out using a polarization-selective procedure.
 154. A method according to claim 148, wherein the one or more luminescences are measured at a polarization different from that of the excitation light.
 155. A method according to claim 148 for simultaneous or sequential, quantitative or qualitative determination of one or more analytes from the group of antibodies or antigens, receptors or ligands, chelators or “histidine tag components”, oligonucleotides, DNA or RNA strands, DNA or RNA analogs, enzymes, enzyme cofactors or inhibitors, lectins and carbohydrates.
 156. A method according to claim 148, wherein the samples to be tested are naturally occurring body fluids such as blood, serum, plasma, lymph or urine or tissue fluids or egg yolk or an optically turbid fluid or surface water, a soil or plant extract, a biological or synthetic process broth or prepared from biological tissue parts or cells.
 157. Use of a planar optical structure for generating an evanescent-field measuring platform according to claim 48 for quantitative and or qualitative analyses to determine chemical, biochemical or biological analytes in screening methods in pharmaceutical research, combinatorial chemistry, clinical and pre-clinical development, for real-time binding studies and to determine kinetic parameters in affinity screening and in research, for qualitative and quantitative analyte determinations, especially for DNA and RNA analytics, for the generation of toxicity studies and the determination of gene or protein expression profiles, and for the determination of antibodies, antigens, pathogens or bacteria in pharmaceutical product research and development, human and veterinary diagnostics, agrochemical product research and development, for symptomatic and pre-symptomatic plant diagnostics, for patient stratification in pharmaceutical product development and for therapeutic drug selection, for the determination of pathogens, nocuous agents and germs, especially of salmonella, prions, viruses and bacteria, in food and environmental analytics.
 158. Use of a method according to claim 81 for quantitative and or qualitative analyses to determine chemical, biochemical or biological analytes in screening methods in pharmaceutical research, combinatorial chemistry, clinical and pre-clinical development, for real-time binding studies and to determine kinetic parameters in affinity screening and in research, for qualitative and quantitative analyte determinations, especially for DNA and RNA analytics, for the generation of toxicity studies and the determination of gene or protein expression profiles, and for the determination of antibodies, antigens, pathogens or bacteria in pharmaceutical product research and development, human and veterinary diagnostics, agrochemical product research and development, for symptomatic and pre-symptomatic plant diagnostics, for patient stratification in pharmaceutical product development and for therapeutic drug selection, for the determination of pathogens, nocuous agents and germs, especially of salmonella, prions, viruses and bacteria, in food and environmental analytics.
 159. Use of a method according to claim 123 for quantitative and or qualitative analyses to determine chemical, biochemical or biological analytes in screening methods in pharmaceutical research, combinatorial chemistry, clinical and pre-clinical development, for real-time binding studies and to determine kinetic parameters in affinity screening and in research, for qualitative and quantitative analyte determinations, especially for DNA and RNA analytics, for the generation of toxicity studies and the determination of gene or protein expression profiles, and for the determination of antibodies, antigens, pathogens or bacteria in pharmaceutical product research and development, human and veterinary diagnostics, agrochemical product research and development, for symptomatic and pre-symptomatic plant diagnostics, for patient stratification in pharmaceutical product development and for therapeutic drug selection, for the determination of pathogens, nocuous agents and germs, especially of salmonella, prions, viruses and bacteria, in food and environmental analytics. 